Immigration law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Immigration law - Essay Example Also, they helped provide information in regard to the socio-economic rights of asylum as interpreted by the UK courts. Question A. Over the years, conflicts of all dimensions have plagued several countries across the world; persecution, violence, and war have been taking places in some parts of the world on account of political opinion, religion, race, and nationality among others accounts. As a result, citizens of the affected countries often tend to run away from their countries and seek refuge in foreign countries that they deem to be safe and where their human rights will not be violated nor their lives threatened. This reality has prompted international organizations like the United Nations, regional integrations like the European Union, and nations have to establish conventions, treaties, statutory instruments, and domestic legislation relating to refugees and asylum seeking.1 An asylum seeker has been defined as a person who has flied from their country of origin and has appl ied for protection in a foreign country as a refugee.2 Such a person claims to be a refugee but those claims are yet to be validated by relevant national, regional, or international authorities. So, the definition of the term â€Å"asylum- seeker† is hinged on the definition of the term â€Å"refugee†. ... eligion.3 However, until such claims by such a person is evaluated and validated by relevant authorities in the country he or she is seeking asylum, the person will be considered as an â€Å"asylum seeker†. European Convention on Human Rights 1950 is one of the main international and European treaties or agreements that relates to refugees and asylum seekers. The Convention aims at protecting fundamental freedoms and upholding human rights in Europe. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is established under the Convention, its main purpose being to protect individuals regardless of their nationality from violations of their human rights. Individuals who feel that their human rights have been violated by a member state under the Convention are free to initiate legal proceedings against a member state in that court.4 However, many people and institutions agree that Article 3 of the Convention does not dictate a minimum standard of social support for those in need or even an automatic welfare obligation towards asylum seekers. It is no doubt that the asylum seekers are in dire need of social support; actually, the very sense of asylum seeking. Social support to asylum seekers is important in making them feel that they are cared for and have a sense of belonging even in a foreign country. Social support resources to asylum seekers include but not limited to the following: companionship so as to create a sense of belonging; emotional support; informational support in terms of advice regarding â€Å"live† in those particular countries, as well as financial support to ensure that they can attain the basic level of sustenance.5 Article 3 of the Convention is very general and tends to cover the general aspects of asylum seekers. As such, the minimum standard of social

Different Parenting Practices Essay Example for Free

Different Parenting Practices Essay The right parenting style will create healthy, loving children. Parenting involves teaching children how to respect their elders, be obedient, have discipline, as well as provides support and love for your child. There are four identified types of different parenting styles. Which are authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. The type of style that you choose will determine whether your child will be healthy, as well as, whether a loving relationship develops between you and your child. In this paper, I will discuss the types of parenting styles and the best one to foster healthy children. An authoritarian parent lays down the rules and expects them to be followed without any discussion. These parents are very strict. They don’t allow the child to make choices and they consider what they desire without much consideration of the child’s wishes. Their rules are ridged and inflexible. Children raised by this type of parenting style may become very sheltered with unable to voice their opinions. They may have difficulty with emotional expression, unable to make good decisions which could lead to unhealthy relationships. For example, a child raised by an authoritarian parent, comes home from school and knows that they have to put their backpack in a certain place and what chores must be done. The rules are in place, as well as the expectations for his performance. These children know that there will be consequences if they do not follow these rules. An authoritative parent explains the rules and encourages discussion. This type of parenting style combines the b est qualities of the authoritarian and permissive parenting style. These parents spend time with his/her child and explain why certain behavior is wrong and the appropriate behavior prior to administering any type of punishment. They are more reasonable and less demanding of their own way and they consider the wishes of their children. They are patient and trust their children. They promote decision making in the child and oversee their decisions. Children who experience this type of parenting style are typically well balanced, have values and a sense of right and wrong. For example, if a child was to break curfew, the authoritative parent would discuss the potential harms of staying out and then discipline the child. They would most likely involve the child in the type of punishment they would receive. The permissive parent punishes infrequently. These parents are a direct contrast to the authoritarian parent. These parents have very few rules and are extremely flexible. Rules for these parents are not a primary focus. They tend to be more of a friend to their child than a parent. These parents often foster children who do what they want, when they want without thinking about the consequences. They have excessive freedom with very little limitations. These parents focus on pleasing their child regardless of their behaviors. These children are in control of the parents and the household. For example, a child of a permissive parent is not required to place their items in a certain place and rarely receive any consequences for not performing chores or making messes. An uninvolved parent only provides for the basis physical and emotional need and nothing else. Uninvolved describes these parents. They are not involved with their children and they do not discipline them. These parents often neglect their children. Children with these types of parents typically have poor social skills and behavioral choices. There appears to be a correlation between the lack of support they receive at home and their poor social and behavioral skills. For example, a child will seek their parent’s attention and may create problems at home and in school to get that attention. Despite the problems, their parents still ignore them and are not emotionally available. I believe that the authoritative parents have the most effective parenting style. Primarily because it allows time for discussion between the parents and their children. In my opinion, all children need discipline. However they benefit most from explanations of what they did wrong and redirection to assist them to make better choices. Authoritative parents listen to their children and encourage independence. It appears that this type of parenting style leads to successful children. In my opinion, one of the most important aspects of parenting would be the art of compromise which leads to healthy lives for children.

Impact of Freight Forwarders in the Shipping Industry

Impact of Freight Forwarders in the Shipping Industry 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction The basic ideology of this thesis is to determine the impact of freight forwarders in the shipping industry of Pakistan. This chapter briefly describes an introduction of the thesis. Being the introductory chapter of the thesis, the present chapter includes the introductory outline of the research as it will lay an emphasis on the background of the research and clearly identify the rationale for undertaking this research. Liner shipping is characterized by a range of economies of scale and scope suggesting that low cost supply is likely to require some form of industry combination and concentration or cooperation; this could be achieved by a comparatively small number of large global operators. There are many reasons behind it including bad economic situation of Pakistan, Shippers interests in relation to shipping services coincide with the public interest and shippers as profit maximizes generally will have a strong incentive to obtain the best possible service for the lowest possible price Contextual Frame: The shipping business plays a vital function in the international economy because it carries a large portion of world trade The Industry trends towards expansion of liner shipping and needs developments in Containerization because they cover scale of economics. With the passage of time the shipping liner industry has moved into an era of affluence, and containerships have been moving require for other Ship types, the demand growth is generally and also several other factors have been putting force on smaller carriers, including upsizing and route network developments. Currently the trends become visible into independent process over vessel allocation and rising profitability suggests that carriers will seek to own additional of their own assets. Shipping lines is an essential part of Pakistans trade, which provides intermediate service input for Pakistans merchandise trade merchandise. According to bulk shipping where each vessel carries one commodity on a charter basis, the demand for liner shipping is diverse. The costs of coordinating these diverse demands virtually rule out ship leasing as an efficient form of service delivery. The supply of regular and scheduled liner services provides a means of reducing transactions costs so that exporters with diverse demands are able to access liner shipping services. The trend to larger ships has been accompanied by strong growth in available liner capacity. The reason of significant development in shipping liner business because of its cheap freight rate and the large volume of freight transported. Compared with the other modes of transport, for example air, water transportation offers the cheapest freight rates The idea third party logistics providers are as basic as deficient to have somebody else do the work for you instead of exporters who facilitate according to maintain their transportation or distribution and as so on. Supply chain management applications have a small amount of capabilities in ordinary. The data must be available to a user anyplace in the world; it must be exact, flexible, visible, and fast. With the help of supply chain software they can attain inventory effectiveness, faster information flow more exact determinations of when and how much material/capacity must be purchased, manufacture or moved and watchful monitoring of events and inventory within and external the venture and electronic enterprise linkage, which replaces manual linkage . These systems can help companies to incorporate similar process spread over different place and limit needless activities, enhancing their skill to cope with consumer requirements and meet goods quality standards The use of supply chain applications varies in diverse parts of the world. In 2003, North Americas top five 3PL-centric data technologies were applications for†¦.. Warehouse management Shipment tracking and trace/event management Export/import/forwarding/customs clearance Web-enabled communications Transport management The dilemma of supply and demand is the driving force of people history, and it is directly connected to carry, Normally we cannot produce all the food or goods but we want to consume or use that goods so the requirement to consume we must transport. In the age of trade between farms and villages, today the products we consume travel long distance along global supply chains to reach us. Product, inventory control, transport, and delivery, and particular handling and management are all division of these supply chains. As supply chains become more geographically elaborate, their success depends additional and more on the expertise of competent transport intermediaries (Freight forwarder, or Freight logistic providers). Supply chains engage lots of groups of trading partners, and logistics is the key to holding them jointly. Logistics is the function of planning, implementing, and controlling the well-organized flow and storage of goods and their associated information. As global logistics become more challenging, and as the savings accessible through supply chain efficiency become more striking The international freight forwarding business emerged in Pakistan in the early 1980s. originally, the industry comprised a only some organization and focusing on the niche market that focus on the shipment of plants and equipment for the increasing weaving segment of the textile industry, household stuffing companies support families re-locating overseas and multilateral agencies providing food supplies under aid or crisis programs The job of the International freight forward is to move the supplies from one place to another place on the given time frame and make sure that the delivery will be on time and economical as well. Particularly freight forwarding companies arrange transport from shippers factories or storehouse to ports, stuffing or consolidation of cargo if necessary according to the clients needs, documentation, customs clearance, shipping (land, sea and air or combination thereof), unpacking or deconsolidation if necessary and delivery at customer selected location International freight forwarding firms in Pakistan can be segmented according to figure no 1.1 Primary service providers classification themselves as freight forwarders but efficiently working as brokers offering aggressive tariffs to little and average shippers for LCL cargoes, negotiate highest margins from consolidators search for lesser consignments to full container loads and arrange customs clearance, documentation and payment of customs levies. Middle order firms providing main services provided by primary services acting as selected agents for abroad buyers. Total solution providers contribution full range of services with access to worldwide networks through abroad associates. In Pakistan Freight Forwarding companies provide services as intermediaries and made become part of international trade activity, actually the Pakistanis exporters faced many difficulty if it does not take into description how the goods will be deliver to the market .The matter of freight forwarding must be careful at an early stage of the growth of the export marketing plan as it raise more than a few concerns that require to be address rapidly not only does the exporter require to recognize which to specify and work to, but the method of transport also requirements to be careful ( road, rail, sea, air). Packaging is also another issue that requirements to be considered, as is insurance. Much of the hassle can be taken out of the exporters hands by using an efficient freight forwarder, but as with any supplier care requirements to be taken to ensure that the supplier meets the requirements of the organization Problem Identification/ Statement:The research aim is to analyze the factors that are impact freight forwarders in shipping industry and also analyze the relationship of freight forwarders with shipping lines. In the modern world the trend has been changed in shipping industry now the Forwarding agent is playing a vital role in shipping industry as a middle man with the name of Fright Forwarder between the shipping line and exporters. Freight Forwarder has strong negotiating power to shipping lines due large numbers cargo velum because of the exporters preference that do exports through freight forwarder. They take an advantage with the bulk of cargo from the shipper (exporters) and play a role of big intermediaries among the shipping lines, buyer and exporters, and they provide a full of supply chains management and transportation, from the exporters where house to buyer door which is called pin to point service or door to door delivery. Therefore the Pakistani shipping sector and p articularly the leading position of Freight Forwarder act as intermediaries between the shipping lines and exporters. Although this research, the researcher will try to find out the reason of impact of freight forwarders in shipping industry, serious emphasis on the relation of freight forwarders and shipping lines, currently major problems b/w Freight Forwarders and Shipping Lines. 1.2.Purpose of Study This research will provide you better understanding and benefits of Freight Forwarders to the Shipping Lines and the Customers (Importer / Exporter). With respect to Shipping Lines Decrease the Shipping Lines risk Increase of cargo volume from single customer No pain for warehousing delivery With respect to Customers Accessibility from any location Reduce in transportation cost Convenience of logistic Pin to point delivery (Warehousing) 1.3. Research Objectives It will only consist of shipping lines and freight forwarders in Pakistan, specially with concept and practicing of how they doing a business and facilitate to customer no other fields will be considered. This research will only focus the factors which are impact the shipping lines business which may cause an increase in trade, profitability and reduce shipping line risk or any other. Thats why this will not include the all operations and other activities, which raise the revenue of shipping lines. It will only consist of those forwarding companies of Pakistan, which are directly involved with the international forwarders and involve the shipping line business. Research Questions: What are the influencing factors of shipping lines versus Freight Forwarders for Exporters and buyers? What are the major problems of freight forwarders presently with the shipping lines? What are the major problems of shipping line presently due to involvement of freight forwarders? What are the relationship between the Freight forwarders and Shipping lines, how they will grow and build up? Justification / Scope: We are a developing country under foreign investment and internal market. We do not have enough resources to meet even our consumption so to meet our own usage we need export and import world wide, for doing export and import we have two sources world wide which is called shipping lines and air lines which connect to world wide in every destination due to which we are able to consume internationally products and trade our local product world wide for generating revenue. This thesis is aimed at providing better conceptualization of freight forwarders and shipping lines business. This research will give clear image of the benefits and relationship of freight forwarder for the shipping lines and exporters lines. The findings of this study will help to understand the importance of freight forwarder in shipping industry and how they can use effectively. International Freight Forwarder:The job of the International freight forward is to move the supplies from one place to another place on the given time frame and make sure that the delivery will be on time and economical as well. They arrange the resources according the needs and requirements of the customer like Transportation from shippers factories to ports Packing or consolidation of cargo documentation Customs clearance Shipping (land, sea and air or combination thereof) Unpacking or deconsolidation is required Customs Clearing Agent: An agent certified by the Central Board of Revenue through the Customs authorities to complete documentation official procedure and assemble, on behalf of the merchant, disbursement of custom duties, taxes etc Shipping Agent: An agent licensed by the Central Board of Revenue through the Customs authorities for servicing vessels calling at Pakistans ports. The agent represents interest of the vessel/carrier and arranges payment of port dues. Shipper: Merchant or manufacturer or Supplier whos selling goods to overseas buyers Consignee: Merchant or manufacturer buying goods form overseas suppliers SCM: Supply chain management TEU: Twenty-foot equivalent unit a standard measurement of volume in container shipping. The bulk of containers are either 20 in length, or 40 in length. A 20Container is one TEU, a 40 container is two TEUs LCL: Less than container load cargo FCL: Full container load cargo SIZE: Freight forwarding companies have been classified according to annual TEUs handled as under: Small = 360 TEUs Medium + 1200 TEUs Large = 4800 TEUs POL: Port of load POD: Port of discharge We are a developing country under foreign investment and internal market. We do not have enough resources to meet even our consumption so to meet our own usage we need export and import world wide, for doing export and import we have two sources world wide which is called shipping lines and air lines which connect to world wide in every destination due to which we are able to consume internationally products and trade our local product world wide for generating revenue. This thesis is aimed at providing better conceptualization of freight forwarders and shipping lines business. This research will give clear image of the benefits and relationship of freight forwarder for the shipping lines and exporters lines. The findings of this study will help to understand the importance of freight forwarder in shipping industry and how they can use effectively CHAPTER # 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.LITERATURE REVIEW The previous chapter describes the background and the problem area of the study. In this chapter we discuss the literature related to the research topic. In this Literature Review, an attempt has been made to develop the conceptual framework of impact of Freight Forwarder in Shipping Industry. This chapter will review the literature on Shipping Line and Freight Forwarder. It will include material obtained from books, journals, academic journals and internet articles. The shipping industry is very important in the international economy because it carries a large portion of world trade. The Liner shipping is characterized by a range of economies of scale and scope signifying that low cost supply is likely to require some form of industry assimilation and hence concentration or cooperation, this could be achieved by a relatively small number of large global operators .The Industry trend to expansion of liner shipping and need to developments in Containerization which cover scale of economics. With the passage of time the liner business has optimistic into an age of affluence, and containerships have been moving require for other Ship types, the demand growth is generally but several other factors have been putting force on smaller carriers, including upsizing and route network developments. Currently the trends become visible into self-determining process over vessel allocation and rising profitability suggest that carriers will search for to more o f their own resources. Rivalry from logistics providers will gradually more dictate how the industry develops. The lower costs of condition of services require the various economies of scale and scope to be capture, a single shipping line may be unwilling to commit several large vessels in order to provide an inclusive, regular, scheduled service where demand is uncertain and where that uncertainty is exacerbate by the possibility of rivals encroaching on the trade. According to DELTAS, SERFES, SICOTTE the Agents of the various Lines meet and discuss the conditions which are changing from time to time, and which are affected by the competition of vagrant Vessels and decide on the policy to be pursued by all the Lines named with reference to the maintenance of stable rates of freight and to prevent demoralization. The liner shipping is becoming more concentrated via mergers and acquisitions, while average vessel size continues to grow as carriers attempt to capture scale economies. Rationalization is being driven by technological change and intense competition in most trades which has seen freight rates fall significantly in real terms and profitability decline, according to the researcher the expansion of global shipping companies has increased competition on individual routes. The constitute the total shipping demand of a particular market. The density of demand is then defined as the trade volume per kilometer of coast. This affords an admittedly imperfect demarcation of the system, unless there happen to be clear-cut geographical boundaries. The picture emerging is of a global liner shipping industry experiencing significant, and rapidly change, the trend towards greater industry concentration via mergers and acquisitions does not appear to have reduced competition. Appears the expansion of global shipping companies has increased competition on individual routes. The Hoffmann said that Asian lines have entered the North Atlantic trade, east-west lines are incoming north-south markets and the feeder services of big carriers are competing with traditional regional lines. In shipping liner service the growth in alternative types and the growing role of freight forwarders has placed increasing competitive pressure on carriers. To a minor extent potential competition in transporting general cargo exists in the form of alternative modes of transport such as air transport and tramp shipping. Market power is sustainable only where entry barriers to entry or exit is high, the Potential barriers to entry include regulatory and other essentially man-made or institutional barriers or economic barriers driven by characteristics of the market .when the barrier are low for entry and exit the competition will increase and the profitability will minimum accordingly Shipping liner business mean the process of transporting goods from one place to another that process of transportation may take place through sea, land or water, further more the process have been done underway of buyer and the seller with the negotiate and entering into an agreement/contract based on the mutually agreed upon terms .Their terms would include the description and the quantity of goods, the time by which the merchandise require to be delivered, the price and the documentary requirements. After the agreement is struck, the seller usually contacts the forwarding agents who are responsible for moving the goods from the sellers location to the ship. The Shippers interests in relation to shipping services agree with the public interest and shippers need to required profit-maximizes generally and the shipping lines offer the best-possible service for the lowest-possible price. In this era the shipper might play the role of the Forwarding agent too if it has the necessary expertise in the area, the following Forwarding agent contacts the shipping line and based on the terms and conditions mutually agreed upon, an agreement is reached for the goods to be transported from the port of origin to the destination port to the shipping line. A custom clearing agent is then assigned by the shipper for the handling of the custom related documentation or even this may be taken care of by the forwarding agent, thereafter the goods are moved by the forwarding agent to the port of origin or the shipping line. The goods can be picked from the shippers factory or may have already been moved from the shippers premises to the forwarding agents premises in which case they are further moved from the agents premises to the port of origin of shipping line. Once the goods are loaded on the ship, they are transported to the destination port where a similar process happens while th e goods make their way to the buyers premises The cargoes mostly were carried from country of origin to country of destination on a direct service or through involvement of transshipment port. Today shippers have a choice between a direct service and via transshipment port, but due to longer transit times and the possibility of cargo being damaged during transshipment or however, the quality of transshipment services often is comparable to that of direct services. It is likely to be at least in part to the trade imbalance, which means exporters are competing with increased volume with the involvement of supply liner efficient service. Freight rates are most major element for the liner shipping services, the requirement of competitive control of liner freight play a major roll in liner business, these general trends are illustrated by various freight rates cited in industry publications .Initially the first task is to identify the relevant markets which will clear define the density of demand for a particular transport service. International trade in bulk agricultural commodities recently has become more important to the world economy. Economists have devoted little attention to international shipping. Transport costs between countries can pose a formidable barrier to trade, similar in effect to tariffs and institutional constraints. Ocean transportation changes can affect the domestic grain transport system of major exporters. The shipping lines base on service provider from one place to another place according to the requirement of their customer, the nature of shipment which follow of cargoes very frequency. The involvement of transit time, ports of call, and reliability are all important characteristics of service quality, which can, in certain circumstances (for example, ‘just-in-time manufacturing or consumable cargoes), be more important than simple price considerations. An increase in service frequency does not of itself indicate that service levels have improved, For example, if average vessel sizes declined significantly so the level of service may be reduced even though the frequency of service has increased, since the monthly capacity available to shippers would be less and voyage duration would be longer. Capacity of itself is not an indicator of service levels, it provides an indication of the carriers ability to meet shippers demand which is important to note that vessel capacities presented here are optimum capacities and do not take into account weight limitations and the fact that some of this capacity may be used for cargo from other countries such as New Zealand. Ocean liner are illustrious from other suppliers of sea transport because they are committed to regular schedule of service between particular port at a price which fixed in the short run more over the shipping line agree to satisfy all reasonable needs of the respective shipper in both quantity and quality of service. The Globalization of business and the departure of ‘just-in-time inventory management has increased shipper preference for intermodal or door-to-door transport services, although facts given to suggests that this trend has been less marked in Australia than in the United States or Europe. While a single transport provider usually coordinates the intermodal service (so that the shipper has a single point of contact and receives a single bill of lading), the physical transport service may be provided by several land and sea carriers so Liner shipping operators have responded to shipper preferences by offering shippers a range of transport options, including door-to-door and terminal-to-terminal services. The liner industry is necessarily responsive to trends, and nobody appreciated. What changes were going to occur in the second half of the twentieth century? In the late 1940s and 1950s, liner companies were thinking primarily in terms of replacements for those conventional ships that had been lost in the Second World War But reconstruction and returning servicemen with significant back pay to dispose of, created a post-war boom, and wages rose sharply, reflecting labor shortages as well as being partly intended to stave off the expansion of Communist ideology. That situation affected the previously labor intensive liner industry, pushing up crew and shore labor costs and squeezing liner company profitability. After the Eighteen years the Second World War, Carrefour opened the worlds first hypermarket in outside Paris. Five years later the first fully cellular container service started operations, although carriers, who otherwise faced the prospect of block obsolescence and the requi rement for simultaneous replacement of the by now 25-year-old replacement fleets that had been introduced after the war, were nervous about introducing a system that, by very specifically defining the way cargo had to be shipped, reduced cargo owners ability to call the shots, and particularly affected the sorts of cargo in which British and American liner cargo exporters were strongest modified shipments to specific importers. Acceptance of containerization by smaller and niche liner operators, labor, port authorities and other vested interest was slow, but cargo-owner enthusiastic participation came much quicker than the liner companies had expected. The surprising growth of demand for container services over the last almost 40 years has been both an annoyance and a lucky thing to the industry. It has put great pressure on carriers balance sheets as a result of the unchangeable demand for capital, aggravated by the steady decline in freight rates that has so often been consequence of technical innovation. The worlds growing dependence on container liner services and the size of profits recorded by carriers in the middle years of the first decade of the twenty-first. As shipping companies adjust to a dynamic and rapidly changing environment so do the financial methods and instruments available to rise funding and materialize vital investment budgets. The core business strategy of shipping companies in recent days is gradually shifting from simple profit maximization to an increase in firm market value.The following achievement of shipping firms should consistently focus on promote investment plans that bear growth potential and have positive returns which outperform more than requirement of costs undertaken. The intermediaries to provide the funds required to financing new investment projects and sustain business growth, fresh funds are channeled to shipping firms in need through the issuance of securities One significant path to economic development is shipping and this is because of their offer cheap freight rate and the large volume of freight transported and according to compared with the other modes of transport, for example air, water transportation offers the cheapest freight rates Adam Smith, â€Å"writing in the last quarter of the eighteenth century (1776), noted that shipping is instrumental to economic development†. In his book The Wealth of Nations he argues that the key economic power in capitalist societies is the division of labor, and the scope of the market determines the extent to which this can be practiced because the limited nature of the business will equally limit the degree of specialization. Shipping as a source of cheap transport, Smith pointed out, opens wider markets to specialization. The idea third party logistics providers are as basic as deficient to have someone else perform the job for you instead of exporters who facilitate according to maintain their transportation or distribution and as so on. 2007).Supply chain management applications have a small number of capabilities in general. The data must be available to a user anyplace in the world; it should be correct and flexible, visible, and fast. With the help of supply chain software they can attain inventory efficiency, quicker information flow additional accurate determinations of when and how much resources should be purchased, manufactures, or moved and careful monitoring of events and inventory within and outside the venture and electronic enterprise association, which replaces manual linkage .These systems can assist companies integrate similar process spread over different areas and limit unnecessary activities, enhancing their ability to manage with customer needs and meet product quality principles . The requirement of marketing and customer service exploitation organizations that work together to create and retain potential market positions for end products .Unlike the case of supply chain management, there is no well-established approach to design chain management or marketing chain management, It should be noted, how ever, that through the ideas and practices of concurrent engineering, design for manufacturability, design for logistics, and mass customization, the discipline of supply chain management has already been concerned with its own integration with design chain management. It is evident that in the current business environment of keep competition, of fast technological and market changes, and of demanding customers, the successful delivery of end products and services to the right markets at the correct time requires integrated operations of the marketing chain, the design chain, and the supply chain, In order for the supply chain, design chain, and marketing chain to be integrated, the resulting integrated system may be characterized by a network of knowledge and competence in manufacturing and distribution, and in design and marketing that the companies bring to the table., it seems reasonable to call such integrated systems knowledge supply networks. The Researcher defines the â€Å"Big Middle† as the market space in which the bulk of suppliers compete for the majority of respondent and the preponderance of expenditures occur. It is the space in which retailers wish to exist in their quest for increased revenues, scale economies, and profits, the Big Middle appears in any economy in which huge scale retailing has develop, it is a mind space that lies between other competitive arena, with the help of low-price fringe and the innovative fringe. Low price fringe retailers use basic merchandise and low prices to compete though other elements of the retailing mix are present, they are not the primary reason people shop at these stores. Although a retailer does not have to be in the Big Middle to be successful in the short run, those that become the largest and, by implication, the most successful, are inexorably drawn there over time in their search for scale economies, increased revenues, and incremental profits The Supply Chain is an integrated process from raw from of material to Finish goods reaches to consumer, the supply chain mainly involves the following process/functions: Procurement Production Planning Ware house and Distribution Logistic Its all a function of the â€Å"core competency† plan that has producers concentrating on developing and creation their goods, and then hire an external firm direct exactly how those goods will get to the customer The Brief identifies intermediaries as commonly independent 3rd party that play an essential part in collaborativ Impact of Freight Forwarders in the Shipping Industry Impact of Freight Forwarders in the Shipping Industry 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction The basic ideology of this thesis is to determine the impact of freight forwarders in the shipping industry of Pakistan. This chapter briefly describes an introduction of the thesis. Being the introductory chapter of the thesis, the present chapter includes the introductory outline of the research as it will lay an emphasis on the background of the research and clearly identify the rationale for undertaking this research. Liner shipping is characterized by a range of economies of scale and scope suggesting that low cost supply is likely to require some form of industry combination and concentration or cooperation; this could be achieved by a comparatively small number of large global operators. There are many reasons behind it including bad economic situation of Pakistan, Shippers interests in relation to shipping services coincide with the public interest and shippers as profit maximizes generally will have a strong incentive to obtain the best possible service for the lowest possible price Contextual Frame: The shipping business plays a vital function in the international economy because it carries a large portion of world trade The Industry trends towards expansion of liner shipping and needs developments in Containerization because they cover scale of economics. With the passage of time the shipping liner industry has moved into an era of affluence, and containerships have been moving require for other Ship types, the demand growth is generally and also several other factors have been putting force on smaller carriers, including upsizing and route network developments. Currently the trends become visible into independent process over vessel allocation and rising profitability suggests that carriers will seek to own additional of their own assets. Shipping lines is an essential part of Pakistans trade, which provides intermediate service input for Pakistans merchandise trade merchandise. According to bulk shipping where each vessel carries one commodity on a charter basis, the demand for liner shipping is diverse. The costs of coordinating these diverse demands virtually rule out ship leasing as an efficient form of service delivery. The supply of regular and scheduled liner services provides a means of reducing transactions costs so that exporters with diverse demands are able to access liner shipping services. The trend to larger ships has been accompanied by strong growth in available liner capacity. The reason of significant development in shipping liner business because of its cheap freight rate and the large volume of freight transported. Compared with the other modes of transport, for example air, water transportation offers the cheapest freight rates The idea third party logistics providers are as basic as deficient to have somebody else do the work for you instead of exporters who facilitate according to maintain their transportation or distribution and as so on. Supply chain management applications have a small amount of capabilities in ordinary. The data must be available to a user anyplace in the world; it must be exact, flexible, visible, and fast. With the help of supply chain software they can attain inventory effectiveness, faster information flow more exact determinations of when and how much material/capacity must be purchased, manufacture or moved and watchful monitoring of events and inventory within and external the venture and electronic enterprise linkage, which replaces manual linkage . These systems can help companies to incorporate similar process spread over different place and limit needless activities, enhancing their skill to cope with consumer requirements and meet goods quality standards The use of supply chain applications varies in diverse parts of the world. In 2003, North Americas top five 3PL-centric data technologies were applications for†¦.. Warehouse management Shipment tracking and trace/event management Export/import/forwarding/customs clearance Web-enabled communications Transport management The dilemma of supply and demand is the driving force of people history, and it is directly connected to carry, Normally we cannot produce all the food or goods but we want to consume or use that goods so the requirement to consume we must transport. In the age of trade between farms and villages, today the products we consume travel long distance along global supply chains to reach us. Product, inventory control, transport, and delivery, and particular handling and management are all division of these supply chains. As supply chains become more geographically elaborate, their success depends additional and more on the expertise of competent transport intermediaries (Freight forwarder, or Freight logistic providers). Supply chains engage lots of groups of trading partners, and logistics is the key to holding them jointly. Logistics is the function of planning, implementing, and controlling the well-organized flow and storage of goods and their associated information. As global logistics become more challenging, and as the savings accessible through supply chain efficiency become more striking The international freight forwarding business emerged in Pakistan in the early 1980s. originally, the industry comprised a only some organization and focusing on the niche market that focus on the shipment of plants and equipment for the increasing weaving segment of the textile industry, household stuffing companies support families re-locating overseas and multilateral agencies providing food supplies under aid or crisis programs The job of the International freight forward is to move the supplies from one place to another place on the given time frame and make sure that the delivery will be on time and economical as well. Particularly freight forwarding companies arrange transport from shippers factories or storehouse to ports, stuffing or consolidation of cargo if necessary according to the clients needs, documentation, customs clearance, shipping (land, sea and air or combination thereof), unpacking or deconsolidation if necessary and delivery at customer selected location International freight forwarding firms in Pakistan can be segmented according to figure no 1.1 Primary service providers classification themselves as freight forwarders but efficiently working as brokers offering aggressive tariffs to little and average shippers for LCL cargoes, negotiate highest margins from consolidators search for lesser consignments to full container loads and arrange customs clearance, documentation and payment of customs levies. Middle order firms providing main services provided by primary services acting as selected agents for abroad buyers. Total solution providers contribution full range of services with access to worldwide networks through abroad associates. In Pakistan Freight Forwarding companies provide services as intermediaries and made become part of international trade activity, actually the Pakistanis exporters faced many difficulty if it does not take into description how the goods will be deliver to the market .The matter of freight forwarding must be careful at an early stage of the growth of the export marketing plan as it raise more than a few concerns that require to be address rapidly not only does the exporter require to recognize which to specify and work to, but the method of transport also requirements to be careful ( road, rail, sea, air). Packaging is also another issue that requirements to be considered, as is insurance. Much of the hassle can be taken out of the exporters hands by using an efficient freight forwarder, but as with any supplier care requirements to be taken to ensure that the supplier meets the requirements of the organization Problem Identification/ Statement:The research aim is to analyze the factors that are impact freight forwarders in shipping industry and also analyze the relationship of freight forwarders with shipping lines. In the modern world the trend has been changed in shipping industry now the Forwarding agent is playing a vital role in shipping industry as a middle man with the name of Fright Forwarder between the shipping line and exporters. Freight Forwarder has strong negotiating power to shipping lines due large numbers cargo velum because of the exporters preference that do exports through freight forwarder. They take an advantage with the bulk of cargo from the shipper (exporters) and play a role of big intermediaries among the shipping lines, buyer and exporters, and they provide a full of supply chains management and transportation, from the exporters where house to buyer door which is called pin to point service or door to door delivery. Therefore the Pakistani shipping sector and p articularly the leading position of Freight Forwarder act as intermediaries between the shipping lines and exporters. Although this research, the researcher will try to find out the reason of impact of freight forwarders in shipping industry, serious emphasis on the relation of freight forwarders and shipping lines, currently major problems b/w Freight Forwarders and Shipping Lines. 1.2.Purpose of Study This research will provide you better understanding and benefits of Freight Forwarders to the Shipping Lines and the Customers (Importer / Exporter). With respect to Shipping Lines Decrease the Shipping Lines risk Increase of cargo volume from single customer No pain for warehousing delivery With respect to Customers Accessibility from any location Reduce in transportation cost Convenience of logistic Pin to point delivery (Warehousing) 1.3. Research Objectives It will only consist of shipping lines and freight forwarders in Pakistan, specially with concept and practicing of how they doing a business and facilitate to customer no other fields will be considered. This research will only focus the factors which are impact the shipping lines business which may cause an increase in trade, profitability and reduce shipping line risk or any other. Thats why this will not include the all operations and other activities, which raise the revenue of shipping lines. It will only consist of those forwarding companies of Pakistan, which are directly involved with the international forwarders and involve the shipping line business. Research Questions: What are the influencing factors of shipping lines versus Freight Forwarders for Exporters and buyers? What are the major problems of freight forwarders presently with the shipping lines? What are the major problems of shipping line presently due to involvement of freight forwarders? What are the relationship between the Freight forwarders and Shipping lines, how they will grow and build up? Justification / Scope: We are a developing country under foreign investment and internal market. We do not have enough resources to meet even our consumption so to meet our own usage we need export and import world wide, for doing export and import we have two sources world wide which is called shipping lines and air lines which connect to world wide in every destination due to which we are able to consume internationally products and trade our local product world wide for generating revenue. This thesis is aimed at providing better conceptualization of freight forwarders and shipping lines business. This research will give clear image of the benefits and relationship of freight forwarder for the shipping lines and exporters lines. The findings of this study will help to understand the importance of freight forwarder in shipping industry and how they can use effectively. International Freight Forwarder:The job of the International freight forward is to move the supplies from one place to another place on the given time frame and make sure that the delivery will be on time and economical as well. They arrange the resources according the needs and requirements of the customer like Transportation from shippers factories to ports Packing or consolidation of cargo documentation Customs clearance Shipping (land, sea and air or combination thereof) Unpacking or deconsolidation is required Customs Clearing Agent: An agent certified by the Central Board of Revenue through the Customs authorities to complete documentation official procedure and assemble, on behalf of the merchant, disbursement of custom duties, taxes etc Shipping Agent: An agent licensed by the Central Board of Revenue through the Customs authorities for servicing vessels calling at Pakistans ports. The agent represents interest of the vessel/carrier and arranges payment of port dues. Shipper: Merchant or manufacturer or Supplier whos selling goods to overseas buyers Consignee: Merchant or manufacturer buying goods form overseas suppliers SCM: Supply chain management TEU: Twenty-foot equivalent unit a standard measurement of volume in container shipping. The bulk of containers are either 20 in length, or 40 in length. A 20Container is one TEU, a 40 container is two TEUs LCL: Less than container load cargo FCL: Full container load cargo SIZE: Freight forwarding companies have been classified according to annual TEUs handled as under: Small = 360 TEUs Medium + 1200 TEUs Large = 4800 TEUs POL: Port of load POD: Port of discharge We are a developing country under foreign investment and internal market. We do not have enough resources to meet even our consumption so to meet our own usage we need export and import world wide, for doing export and import we have two sources world wide which is called shipping lines and air lines which connect to world wide in every destination due to which we are able to consume internationally products and trade our local product world wide for generating revenue. This thesis is aimed at providing better conceptualization of freight forwarders and shipping lines business. This research will give clear image of the benefits and relationship of freight forwarder for the shipping lines and exporters lines. The findings of this study will help to understand the importance of freight forwarder in shipping industry and how they can use effectively CHAPTER # 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.LITERATURE REVIEW The previous chapter describes the background and the problem area of the study. In this chapter we discuss the literature related to the research topic. In this Literature Review, an attempt has been made to develop the conceptual framework of impact of Freight Forwarder in Shipping Industry. This chapter will review the literature on Shipping Line and Freight Forwarder. It will include material obtained from books, journals, academic journals and internet articles. The shipping industry is very important in the international economy because it carries a large portion of world trade. The Liner shipping is characterized by a range of economies of scale and scope signifying that low cost supply is likely to require some form of industry assimilation and hence concentration or cooperation, this could be achieved by a relatively small number of large global operators .The Industry trend to expansion of liner shipping and need to developments in Containerization which cover scale of economics. With the passage of time the liner business has optimistic into an age of affluence, and containerships have been moving require for other Ship types, the demand growth is generally but several other factors have been putting force on smaller carriers, including upsizing and route network developments. Currently the trends become visible into self-determining process over vessel allocation and rising profitability suggest that carriers will search for to more o f their own resources. Rivalry from logistics providers will gradually more dictate how the industry develops. The lower costs of condition of services require the various economies of scale and scope to be capture, a single shipping line may be unwilling to commit several large vessels in order to provide an inclusive, regular, scheduled service where demand is uncertain and where that uncertainty is exacerbate by the possibility of rivals encroaching on the trade. According to DELTAS, SERFES, SICOTTE the Agents of the various Lines meet and discuss the conditions which are changing from time to time, and which are affected by the competition of vagrant Vessels and decide on the policy to be pursued by all the Lines named with reference to the maintenance of stable rates of freight and to prevent demoralization. The liner shipping is becoming more concentrated via mergers and acquisitions, while average vessel size continues to grow as carriers attempt to capture scale economies. Rationalization is being driven by technological change and intense competition in most trades which has seen freight rates fall significantly in real terms and profitability decline, according to the researcher the expansion of global shipping companies has increased competition on individual routes. The constitute the total shipping demand of a particular market. The density of demand is then defined as the trade volume per kilometer of coast. This affords an admittedly imperfect demarcation of the system, unless there happen to be clear-cut geographical boundaries. The picture emerging is of a global liner shipping industry experiencing significant, and rapidly change, the trend towards greater industry concentration via mergers and acquisitions does not appear to have reduced competition. Appears the expansion of global shipping companies has increased competition on individual routes. The Hoffmann said that Asian lines have entered the North Atlantic trade, east-west lines are incoming north-south markets and the feeder services of big carriers are competing with traditional regional lines. In shipping liner service the growth in alternative types and the growing role of freight forwarders has placed increasing competitive pressure on carriers. To a minor extent potential competition in transporting general cargo exists in the form of alternative modes of transport such as air transport and tramp shipping. Market power is sustainable only where entry barriers to entry or exit is high, the Potential barriers to entry include regulatory and other essentially man-made or institutional barriers or economic barriers driven by characteristics of the market .when the barrier are low for entry and exit the competition will increase and the profitability will minimum accordingly Shipping liner business mean the process of transporting goods from one place to another that process of transportation may take place through sea, land or water, further more the process have been done underway of buyer and the seller with the negotiate and entering into an agreement/contract based on the mutually agreed upon terms .Their terms would include the description and the quantity of goods, the time by which the merchandise require to be delivered, the price and the documentary requirements. After the agreement is struck, the seller usually contacts the forwarding agents who are responsible for moving the goods from the sellers location to the ship. The Shippers interests in relation to shipping services agree with the public interest and shippers need to required profit-maximizes generally and the shipping lines offer the best-possible service for the lowest-possible price. In this era the shipper might play the role of the Forwarding agent too if it has the necessary expertise in the area, the following Forwarding agent contacts the shipping line and based on the terms and conditions mutually agreed upon, an agreement is reached for the goods to be transported from the port of origin to the destination port to the shipping line. A custom clearing agent is then assigned by the shipper for the handling of the custom related documentation or even this may be taken care of by the forwarding agent, thereafter the goods are moved by the forwarding agent to the port of origin or the shipping line. The goods can be picked from the shippers factory or may have already been moved from the shippers premises to the forwarding agents premises in which case they are further moved from the agents premises to the port of origin of shipping line. Once the goods are loaded on the ship, they are transported to the destination port where a similar process happens while th e goods make their way to the buyers premises The cargoes mostly were carried from country of origin to country of destination on a direct service or through involvement of transshipment port. Today shippers have a choice between a direct service and via transshipment port, but due to longer transit times and the possibility of cargo being damaged during transshipment or however, the quality of transshipment services often is comparable to that of direct services. It is likely to be at least in part to the trade imbalance, which means exporters are competing with increased volume with the involvement of supply liner efficient service. Freight rates are most major element for the liner shipping services, the requirement of competitive control of liner freight play a major roll in liner business, these general trends are illustrated by various freight rates cited in industry publications .Initially the first task is to identify the relevant markets which will clear define the density of demand for a particular transport service. International trade in bulk agricultural commodities recently has become more important to the world economy. Economists have devoted little attention to international shipping. Transport costs between countries can pose a formidable barrier to trade, similar in effect to tariffs and institutional constraints. Ocean transportation changes can affect the domestic grain transport system of major exporters. The shipping lines base on service provider from one place to another place according to the requirement of their customer, the nature of shipment which follow of cargoes very frequency. The involvement of transit time, ports of call, and reliability are all important characteristics of service quality, which can, in certain circumstances (for example, ‘just-in-time manufacturing or consumable cargoes), be more important than simple price considerations. An increase in service frequency does not of itself indicate that service levels have improved, For example, if average vessel sizes declined significantly so the level of service may be reduced even though the frequency of service has increased, since the monthly capacity available to shippers would be less and voyage duration would be longer. Capacity of itself is not an indicator of service levels, it provides an indication of the carriers ability to meet shippers demand which is important to note that vessel capacities presented here are optimum capacities and do not take into account weight limitations and the fact that some of this capacity may be used for cargo from other countries such as New Zealand. Ocean liner are illustrious from other suppliers of sea transport because they are committed to regular schedule of service between particular port at a price which fixed in the short run more over the shipping line agree to satisfy all reasonable needs of the respective shipper in both quantity and quality of service. The Globalization of business and the departure of ‘just-in-time inventory management has increased shipper preference for intermodal or door-to-door transport services, although facts given to suggests that this trend has been less marked in Australia than in the United States or Europe. While a single transport provider usually coordinates the intermodal service (so that the shipper has a single point of contact and receives a single bill of lading), the physical transport service may be provided by several land and sea carriers so Liner shipping operators have responded to shipper preferences by offering shippers a range of transport options, including door-to-door and terminal-to-terminal services. The liner industry is necessarily responsive to trends, and nobody appreciated. What changes were going to occur in the second half of the twentieth century? In the late 1940s and 1950s, liner companies were thinking primarily in terms of replacements for those conventional ships that had been lost in the Second World War But reconstruction and returning servicemen with significant back pay to dispose of, created a post-war boom, and wages rose sharply, reflecting labor shortages as well as being partly intended to stave off the expansion of Communist ideology. That situation affected the previously labor intensive liner industry, pushing up crew and shore labor costs and squeezing liner company profitability. After the Eighteen years the Second World War, Carrefour opened the worlds first hypermarket in outside Paris. Five years later the first fully cellular container service started operations, although carriers, who otherwise faced the prospect of block obsolescence and the requi rement for simultaneous replacement of the by now 25-year-old replacement fleets that had been introduced after the war, were nervous about introducing a system that, by very specifically defining the way cargo had to be shipped, reduced cargo owners ability to call the shots, and particularly affected the sorts of cargo in which British and American liner cargo exporters were strongest modified shipments to specific importers. Acceptance of containerization by smaller and niche liner operators, labor, port authorities and other vested interest was slow, but cargo-owner enthusiastic participation came much quicker than the liner companies had expected. The surprising growth of demand for container services over the last almost 40 years has been both an annoyance and a lucky thing to the industry. It has put great pressure on carriers balance sheets as a result of the unchangeable demand for capital, aggravated by the steady decline in freight rates that has so often been consequence of technical innovation. The worlds growing dependence on container liner services and the size of profits recorded by carriers in the middle years of the first decade of the twenty-first. As shipping companies adjust to a dynamic and rapidly changing environment so do the financial methods and instruments available to rise funding and materialize vital investment budgets. The core business strategy of shipping companies in recent days is gradually shifting from simple profit maximization to an increase in firm market value.The following achievement of shipping firms should consistently focus on promote investment plans that bear growth potential and have positive returns which outperform more than requirement of costs undertaken. The intermediaries to provide the funds required to financing new investment projects and sustain business growth, fresh funds are channeled to shipping firms in need through the issuance of securities One significant path to economic development is shipping and this is because of their offer cheap freight rate and the large volume of freight transported and according to compared with the other modes of transport, for example air, water transportation offers the cheapest freight rates Adam Smith, â€Å"writing in the last quarter of the eighteenth century (1776), noted that shipping is instrumental to economic development†. In his book The Wealth of Nations he argues that the key economic power in capitalist societies is the division of labor, and the scope of the market determines the extent to which this can be practiced because the limited nature of the business will equally limit the degree of specialization. Shipping as a source of cheap transport, Smith pointed out, opens wider markets to specialization. The idea third party logistics providers are as basic as deficient to have someone else perform the job for you instead of exporters who facilitate according to maintain their transportation or distribution and as so on. 2007).Supply chain management applications have a small number of capabilities in general. The data must be available to a user anyplace in the world; it should be correct and flexible, visible, and fast. With the help of supply chain software they can attain inventory efficiency, quicker information flow additional accurate determinations of when and how much resources should be purchased, manufactures, or moved and careful monitoring of events and inventory within and outside the venture and electronic enterprise association, which replaces manual linkage .These systems can assist companies integrate similar process spread over different areas and limit unnecessary activities, enhancing their ability to manage with customer needs and meet product quality principles . The requirement of marketing and customer service exploitation organizations that work together to create and retain potential market positions for end products .Unlike the case of supply chain management, there is no well-established approach to design chain management or marketing chain management, It should be noted, how ever, that through the ideas and practices of concurrent engineering, design for manufacturability, design for logistics, and mass customization, the discipline of supply chain management has already been concerned with its own integration with design chain management. It is evident that in the current business environment of keep competition, of fast technological and market changes, and of demanding customers, the successful delivery of end products and services to the right markets at the correct time requires integrated operations of the marketing chain, the design chain, and the supply chain, In order for the supply chain, design chain, and marketing chain to be integrated, the resulting integrated system may be characterized by a network of knowledge and competence in manufacturing and distribution, and in design and marketing that the companies bring to the table., it seems reasonable to call such integrated systems knowledge supply networks. The Researcher defines the â€Å"Big Middle† as the market space in which the bulk of suppliers compete for the majority of respondent and the preponderance of expenditures occur. It is the space in which retailers wish to exist in their quest for increased revenues, scale economies, and profits, the Big Middle appears in any economy in which huge scale retailing has develop, it is a mind space that lies between other competitive arena, with the help of low-price fringe and the innovative fringe. Low price fringe retailers use basic merchandise and low prices to compete though other elements of the retailing mix are present, they are not the primary reason people shop at these stores. Although a retailer does not have to be in the Big Middle to be successful in the short run, those that become the largest and, by implication, the most successful, are inexorably drawn there over time in their search for scale economies, increased revenues, and incremental profits The Supply Chain is an integrated process from raw from of material to Finish goods reaches to consumer, the supply chain mainly involves the following process/functions: Procurement Production Planning Ware house and Distribution Logistic Its all a function of the â€Å"core competency† plan that has producers concentrating on developing and creation their goods, and then hire an external firm direct exactly how those goods will get to the customer The Brief identifies intermediaries as commonly independent 3rd party that play an essential part in collaborativ

Essay --

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank to my supervisor of this project, Mdm Noraliza Azizan for the valuable guidance and advice. She inspired me greatly to work in this project. Her willingness to motivate me contributed tremendously to my project. I also would like to thank her for showing me some example that related to the topic of my project. Besides, I would like to thank the authority of Kolej Poly-Tech MARA Kuala Lumpur for providing me with a good environment and facilities to complete this project. Also, I would like to take this opportunity to thank for offering this subject, Advanced Network Management and Design. It gave me an opportunity to participate and learn about the networking environment. Finally, an honorable mention goes to my families and friends for their understandings and supports on completing this project. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, I would face many difficulties while doing this 1. INTRODUCTION Wireless networking is a technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and ...

Inside the mind of a savant Essay

Treffert and Christensen’s article (2005), touches on the important and curious issue: the differences among humans. It is not to hide that jealous and curious species desire to possess what others possess and desire to know how it is possible. The description of savant individual, Kim Peek, leaves the readers wonder about the possibilities that have a mere possibility and right to existence. These authors begin their article with a concrete description of what does it mean to be savant. Their description is well poised and not an eggeduration. They, straightforwardly, describe the concrete features that Kim had without forgetting to mention that Kim also has serious physical disabilities. Kim’s listed abilities are though impressive. I do not know a person who would think twice to have what Kim had – but knot with the price that Kim had to pay. Enduring difficult attitude from others or enduring physical differences are quite different things. Kim endured physical differences that simply made him more different. Now, when he is a grown man (and way into his 50th), researchers took a serious interest in him due to the uniqueness of his case. The authors mentioned in the article that, even in childhood, Kim was missing Corpus Colossum, the connecting neural network that connects left and right human hemispheres. The writers write, â€Å"Yet in people whose corpus callosum has been severed in adulthood, generally in an effort to prevent epileptic seizures from spreading from one hemisphere to the other, a characteristic â€Å"split-brain† syndrome arises in which the estranged hemispheres begin to work almost independently of each other. † This statement, by itself, points out at the materialistic approach that without the synaptic connections between the right and left hemisphere the connection between right and left hemisphere is impossible. There were some ‘guesses’ among the appropriate researchers but no one wanted to mention a possibility that that here is a hidden purpose behind such appearances. The authors conjecture lies within a science fiction, however plausible. They wrote that the person born without corpus collossum learn to connect right and left hemisphere with the non-traditional ways. Their hypothesis consists of an idea that two separated hemispheres learn to act as one, in unison. One major point that the authors noticed was that the ‘abnormalities’ stem form the damage in the left hemisphere only. Furthermore, the suggested that males, per ce, display more frequent number of cases of savanism, stuttering, dyslexia, and autism. Their response to this theory was straightforward: one possible explanation lies within the fetus development in which they suggest that the make fetus has higher levels chemically dependent and left-brained situation. In to this hypothesis the understanding that the left hemisphere develops with a slower rate than that of right has a big part of their study. To evidence the above, the authors use the examples of so called â€Å"acquired savant syndrome† which is resulted in older children after the accidental damage to the left hemisphere. Further, the article speculates upon the implication of the significance behind the corpus collossum. One possibility includes a rationale, which suggests that, the possibility of the right brain compensation if the left-brain cannot function properly. Another possibility makes the readers think that inability to function within one hemisphere unravels the latent ability in another. The latter theory suggests that the left-brain dominance is due to the fact that we live in the techno logical society that prizes the left-brain achievements. Thus, the function of the left-brain, which is prone to science, math, and logic, leads us to what we call Human Rational, the human species that uses conscious analogies in their day-to-day operations (Read, 1997). The dysfunction of the left hemisphere all of the sudden opens new possibilities hidden and latent within the right hemisphere that holds the key to what we call today Human Conscious. It is of interest to the readers that traditional intelligence tests did not really work with the above subject: some parts showed below average while other superior range performance. In another excursion into the case, the authors noted Kim’s unusual versatility with a tremendously large lexicon of vocabulary in his possession. With Kim’s inability to explain the meaning behind the proverbs he finds amazing associations and is being quite effective in long-term memory recall. Such has been evidenced by his unusual abilities dealt with music, as per complex line up of tones and musical styles as well as the names and works of various artists. Here, and despite his dexterous prior complications, he can seat at piano and play a piece he had discussed â€Å"shifting effortlessly from one mode to another. † Even Greehan, the Mozart scholar commented positively about Kim’s abilities. In summary, the authors, refer to the fictional Rain Man produced after Kim’s life story, although the the writer Barry Morrow decided not to outline Kim’s life story. Similarities are striking, however, and cause one is thinking about not-discovered human abilities. References Darold A. Treffert and Daniel D. Christensen (2005). Onside the mind of a savant. Scientific American. Retrieved July 22, 2007 from http://www. condition. org/sa5c. htm Read, S. G. (Ed. ). (1997). Psychiatry in Learning Disability. Edinburgh: W. B. Saunders. Retrieved July 24, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=100737215.

Huck Finn and His Internal Con essays

Huck Finn and His Internal Con essays Huck Finn and His Internal Conflict with Slavery When parents get divorced, each parent can raise his or her child differently, and the childs beliefs may conflict, as he or she is hearing two different things. This sort of conflicting upbringing is apparent in the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The main character, Huck, originally raised by his father, later goes to live with the Widow Douglas, who tries to sivilize Huck. Also in the house lives Miss Watson who owns a slave, Jim. Between Pap, the Widow and Miss Watson, Huck becomes aware of many different ideas and beliefs, especially about slavery. When Huck escapes Pap, he runs into Jim on Jackson Island, where Huck is faced with a moral dilemma. Jim reveals to Huck that he has runaway, but Huck has promised, not to tell. Huck agrees to help Jim get to freedom. He sometimes feels that what he is doing is wrong, but other times he looks beyond the fact that Jim is a n***er and sees him as his friend. Throughout the novel Huckleberry Finn, Huck faces an internal confl ict with his conscience on the topic of slavery. In the beginning of the novel, Huck goes back and forth between sivilized life with the Widow and Miss Watson, and life with Pap. Hucks sivilized side is that which condemns him for helping Jim to escape, while his life with Pap, which does not directly reflect Paps views, yet the fact that Pap does not instill beliefs in Huck that are accepted by society. Hucks wanting to help Jim goes against what is accepted by society. This situation lays the foundation for Hucks internal conflict with his conscience about slavery. Since Miss Watson owns Jim, Huck views him as her property, and Huck faces a dilemma when Jim reveals he has run away. Huck has promised not to tell, but knowing Jim has escaped makes him feel guilty. People will call me a low down Abolitionist an...